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I suppose this touches on the psychology of leadership too—which is a mess, by the way. Well, what’s the fundamental characteristic of a leader? Here’s one: a leader is someone who knows where he or she is going. Well that would be the first thing, is like, how are you going to lead unless you have a destination?

Okay. Well a destination implies an ethic. And then you need to be able to communicate that. And you communicate your destination with a story. Now if I want to motivate people—and that’s not the right way to think about it, because you shouldn’t want to motivate people. That’s management idiot speak, that is—What you should so is figure out something that’s worth doing, that you really think is worth doing. Something that you would actually commit a substantial proportion of your life to. And you should have deep reasons for pursuing it. And then if you’re a leader, well first of all you have that established, but the second is that you can communicate that, okay, and you communicate that in a manner that also appeals to other people’s sense of purpose. And so you’d say to someone, like if I wanted to move forward with you on an enterprise I would have to say, “Well here’s the purpose of the enterprise and here’s the reasons that it’s not only eminently justifiable but more justifiable than anything else we could be doing at the same time.” And then I’d have to say, “Well here’s what’s in it for me, and here’s what’s in it for you. And here’s why the two of us together can further the enterprise and further what’s in it for you and further what’s in it for me.”

And then you have a situation there that Piaget, Jean Piaget, the developmental psychologist, called an equilibrated state. So an equilibrated state is a situation that’s set up by two or more people where everyone is participating in the state voluntarily. So when he got that, he derived that notion in part by looking at how children set up games. So if children are going to set up a pretend game, what they do is they negotiate a little narrative, to begin with. It’s almost like they generate a little play and they assign everyone their parts, and then they manifest the play, and that’s how they think. But everyone has to accept their part voluntarily, right, or the game won’t continue. Now Piaget’s ethical claim, ethical analytic claim was that a game everyone plays voluntarily is more sustainable and productive than one the people have to be forced to play. And that was his fundamental distinction between the utility of freedom versus the utility of tyranny. Because you could say, “Well the authoritarians win. Do this or else.” That’s a way of organizing a society. But Piaget’s claim was the enforcement costs are so high that the free society will outcompete the authoritarian society across time.

Now if you’re going to set up an organization you can set it up on authoritarian lines. But then you’re basically compelling people to perform with punishment and fear. It’s better to motivate them positively. And the way you do that is say “Look, here’s the goal, here’s your role. Here’s what this will add to your life practically and in terms of, say, significant engagement and involvement.” And then if you can do that the people will, you know, with certain other preconditions in place – competence, for example, and a certain amount of conscientiousness – then people will participate in the game voluntarily. You don’t have to overlord them. And so that’s – well, if you have any experience in the world at all in complex processes you known that that’s the optimal circumstances under which to engage with other people. It’s like “Hey, we’re all in the same boat. We’re going somewhere interesting. Everyone’s got a role to play. We’re all in this together and it’s working out for each of us as well.”