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Artificial neural networks were inspired by the human brain and simulate how neurons behave when they are shown a sensory input (e.g., images, sounds, etc). They are known to be excellent tools for image recognition, any many other problems beyond that - they also excel at weather predictions, breast cancer cell mitosis detection, brain image segmentation and toxicity prediction among many others. Deep learning means that we use an artificial neural network with multiple layers, making it even more powerful for more difficult tasks.

This time they have been shown to be apt at reproducing the artistic style of many famous painters, such as Vincent Van Gogh and Pablo Picasso among many others. All the user needs to do is provide an input photograph and a target image from which the artistic style will be learned.
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I promised some links, so here they come!

The paper "A Neural Algorithm of Artistic Style" is available here:
http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.06576v1
Disclaimer: I was not part of this research project, I am merely providing commentary on this work.

Recommended for you - Two Minute Papers episode on Artificial Neural Networks:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCWTOOgVXyE&index=3&list=PLujxSBD-JXgnqDD1n-V30pKtp6Q886x7e

Picasso meets Gandalf:
http://mashable.com/2015/08/29/computer-photos/

A nice website with many results:
https://deepart.io/

More examples with Picasso and some sketches:
http://imgur.com/a/jeJB6

Google DeepMind's Deep Q-learning algorithm plays Atari games:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1eYniJ0Rnk

The first implementations / source code packages are now available:
1. http://gitxiv.com/posts/jG46ukGod8R7Rdtud/a-neural-algorithm-of-artistic-style
2. https://github.com/kaishengtai/neuralart
3. https://github.com/jcjohnson/neural-style

A great read on Deep Dreaming Neural Networks:
http://googleresearch.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/inceptionism-going-deeper-into-neural.html

Many of you have asked for the code. Some people were experimenting with it in the Machine Learning reddit. Check it out:
https://www.reddit.com/r/MachineLearning/comments/3imx1m/a_neural_algorithm_of_artistic_style/

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Splash screen/thumbnail design: Felícia Fehér - http://felicia.hu

Music:
Epilog - Ghostpocalypse by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100666
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

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Károly Zsolnai-Fehér's links:
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